1. Origin, Structure, and Molecular Architecture
1.1 Natural Resource and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Pet protein-based frothing representatives are acquired largely from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir by-products such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
Via regulated alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these architectural proteins are broken down right into amphiphilic polypeptides rich in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which have both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional groups.
This twin affinity enables the particles to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical aeration, reducing surface area tension and maintaining bubble development– a vital demand for generating consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, animal protein lathering agents are biodegradable, safe, and exhibit excellent compatibility with Portland concrete systems because of their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– generally in between 500 and 10,000 Da– directly affects foam security, drainage rate, and bubble size, making process control during hydrolysis vital for regular efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation System and Microstructure Control
When thinned down with water (commonly at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced right into a foam generator, the protein remedy creates a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of bigger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller ones– by developing a mechanically durable interfacial layer strengthened through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam displays high development proportions (usually 15– 25:1) and reduced water drainage rates (
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